Historical Evolution of Vascular Access: From Antiquity to Modern Medical Practice

Abstract

Introduction: Vascular access is a fundamental component of modern medical practice, enabling the administration of therapeutic agents and the implementation of specialized interventions. Its evolution reflects advances in medical knowledge and biomedical technology.
Aim: This descriptive review aims to systematically present the historical evolution of vascular access from antiquity to the present. It also seeks to identify key milestones that have contributed to the development of contemporary clinical applications.
Material and methods: A descriptive literature review was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The search included keywords such as “vascular access,” “intravenous therapy,” “history of medicine,” and “hemodialysis,” covering the period up to 2025. Studies published in English and Greek were included based on relevance to the topic, while non-scientific or low-quality sources were excluded.
Results: The review highlights the progressive understanding of the circulatory system from antiquity through the Renaissance, as well as major advances in the 19th and 20th centuries. Key developments include intravenous techniques, central venous catheterization, vascular access for hemodialysis, and parenteral nutrition.
Conclusion: The evolution of vascular access has played a critical role in improving healthcare delivery. Awareness of its historical development enhances clinical practice and supports the advancement of safer and more effective techniques.